Disbiosis intestinal, obesidad y diabetes tipo 2. Una revisión de alcance
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https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.8.2.2024.3649-3676Palabras clave:
Disbiosis intestinal; Obesidad; Diabetes tipo 2; Microbioma intestinalResumen
Introducción: La microbiota intestinal está formada por bacterias, hongos, arqueas, virus y parásitos. Una alteración en su composición y funciones (disbiosis) produce inflamación crónica, resistencia a la insulina y otros trastornos fisiopatológicos. En este marco planteamos la pregunta: ¿Existe relación entre disbiosis intestinal (DI) con la diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) y obesidad?
Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre DI con DM2 y obesidad, mediante una revisión de la evidencia disponible.
Métodos: La búsqueda en las bases bibliográficas PubMed, EBSCO y SCIELO se limitó a publicaciones originales en inglés y español, de los últimos cinco años, involucrando participantes de cualquier edad donde se describiera disbiosis, obesidad y DM2. El análisis se basó en la declaración PRISMA adaptada.
Resultados: Diecisiete artículos cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. En la obesidad se encontró DI en diversidad alfa, filo y género. En la DM2 también se observó DI a nivel de filo y género, con disminución de bacterias antiinflamatorias y probióticas, y abundancia de Firmicutes. La DI se correlaciona con inflamación crónica, alteraciones de la glucosa, lípidos en sangre, presión arterial y el IMC; pero no hay evidencia sobre la fisiopatología de la relación entre la DI con la obesidad y la DM2.
Conclusiones: Aunque la mayoría de las personas con obesidad y DM2 presentan DI, no se encontró evidencia suficiente para establecer si la DI causa estas patologías. Tampoco se ha identificado un patrón de microbiota en personas con DM2 y obesidad. Las intervenciones para revertir la DI podrían contribuir al control de la obesidad y la DM2.
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